August 14

© 1997, 1998 by Paul A. Schons

August 14, 1248

Construction is begun on the gothic cathedral in Cologne. The cathedral would not be finished until the 19th century on August 14, 1880.

August 14, 1840

Birth of Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing in Mannheim, Germany. Krafft-Ebing was one of the early researchers in sexual aberrations. He was a professor of psychiatry at the University of Strasbourg.

August 14, 1841

Death of the philosopher, Johann Friedrich Herbart, in Göttingen, Germany. Herbart is one of the founders of the modern science of pedagogy. He studied under Fichte at the University of Jena and while working in Interlaken, Switzerland became a friend of Pestalozzi. In 1808 he was appointed to a chair of philosophy at the University of Königsberg as Kant's successor. In philosophy he was interested in the philosophy of the mind. He developed a perception of the mind as a collection of a series of sensory units he called "Vorstellungen". His two primary works on education are Pestalozzis Idee eines A B C der Anschauung (1802) and Allgemeine Puadogogik (1806). In the latter he developed a 5 step approach to learning.

August 14, 1880

The Cologne Cathedral is declared completed.

August 14, 1933

Birth of Richard R. Ernst in Winterthur, Switzerland. Ernst won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1991 for his work on nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. He worked as a research chemist at Palo Alto, California from 1963-1968 and then returned to Switzerland as a teacher in Zürich.

August 14, 1941

Death of Saint Maksymilian Kolbe. Kolbe was a Polish Franciscan priest who was active in the anti-Nazi Polish underground. He was arrested and sent to Auschwitz where he offered to be killed in the place of one of the prisoners. He was the first victim of the death camps to be beatified by the Roman Catholic Church. He was declared a saint and martyr in 1982.

August 14, 1949

The first post-war German parliamentary elections take place. The CDU/CSU gets 31% of the vote, the SPD 29.2%, the FDP 11,9%. A coalition government is formed consisting of the CDU, CSU and FDP.

August 14, 1954

Death of Hugo Eckener in Friedricshafen, Germany. It was Eckener who commanded the dirigible, Graf Zeppelin on its around-the-world flight in 1929 and a number of other spectacular flights. Out of favor with the Nazi government, he had been relieved of command just prior to the 1937 disaster in Lakehurst, New Jersey.

August 14, 1956

Death of Bertoldt Brecht in Augsburg, Germany. Brecht was among the best of the German Marxist playwrights. His plays include Baal (1923), andTrommeln in der Nacht (1922). With musician, Kurt Weill, he wrote Die Dreigroschenoper (1928) and Aufstieg und fall der Stadt Mahagonny (1930). He fled the Nazis, living in Scandinavia and then the United states where he lived and worked in California. During the war he wrote Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder (1941), Leben des Galilei (1943), and Der gute Mensch von Sezuan (1943). In 1947 he was required to appear before Joseph McCarthy's House Committee on Un-American Activities to answer questions about his alleged communist affiliations. He left the United States immediately thereafter. He lived for a short time in Switzerland and then emigrated into East Germany where he founded his own theater, Der Berliner Ensemble. He wrote Der Kaukasische Kreidekreis (1948) and Der Aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui (1957). In addition to his plays, Brecht was a preeminent theoretician, developing the concepts of alienation effects and epic theater.

August 14, 1956

Death of Konstantin Neurath in Enzweihingen, Germany. Neurath had been German foreign minister during the presidencies of Papen and Schleicher. He continued as foreign minister under Hitler until 1938 when he was replaced by von Ribbentrop. In 1939 he was placed in charge of Bohemia and Moravia. He was tried for war crimes at Nürnberg after the war and sentenced to 15 years in prison. He was released from Spandau prison in 1954 after eight years of his term.