Die Reformen des Freiherrn von Stein in Preussen;

1. Sound File Nr. 1 (The Early 19th Century) (16 mins.) (mp3)

2. Sound File Nr. 2 (The Age of Beethoven) (8 mins.) (mp3)

3. Sound File Nr. 3 (The First Railroads) (12 mins.) (mp3)

4. Sound File Nr. 4 (Social Unrest, Marx and Engels) (12 mins.) (mp3)

Maps

1807 Robert Fulton sails his steam ship on the Hudson in the U.S.A. Heinrich von Kleist, Amphitryon.

1808 Wilhelm von Humboldt--educational reform in Germany. The Prussian military is reformed. Goethe meets Napoleon in Erfurt. Goethe publishes Faust I. Heinrich von Kleist publishes Kätchen von Heilbronn, Penthesilea and The Broken Jug.

Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe

1809 Goethe Elective Affinities. Zacherias Werner The 24th of February. Franz Josef Haydn dies.

1810 Goethe On Colors. Heinrich von Kleist Prince Friedrich von Homburg.

1811 J. v. Goethe: Reality and Fiction. Death of Heinrich von Kleist. Friedrich De La Motte, Fouque and Undine.

1812 Napoleon is defeated in Russia. The Grimm brothers publish their fairy tales. War between England and the United States. Grimm Brothers ........... The Fairy Tales of The Grimm Brothers

1813 The Battle of Leipzig. C. M. Wieland dies. Friedrich Hebbel is born. Georg Büchner is born. Richard Wagner is born.

September 12, 1819

Death of General Gebhard Blücher in Kanth, Silesia (now Poland) (born in Rostock,
Germany). Wellington was not alone at Waterloo at the defeat of Napoleon. General
Blücher commanded the allied German army. Blücher had served with distinction in the
Prussian army since 1760. Blücher had retired, but in 1813 he was called back from his
estates at age 71 to fight Napoleon. He was a commander at the Battle of Leipzig in
October, 1813. He pursued Napoleon to Paris, participating in the final defeat of the
French Emperor. He then retired once again. When Napoleon returned in 1815 he returned
to active service once again. He coordinated his army with that of British General
Wellington. On June 18, 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, Wellington and Blücher completed
the final defeat of Napoleon.

1814 A. v. Chamisso, Peter Schlemihl.

1815 E. T. A. Hoffmann, Elixir of the Devil. Franz Schubert, Der Erlkönig

1817 Birth of Theodor Storm.

1818 The first steamship crosses the Atlantic. Gottfried Keller is born. Theodor Fontane is born.

1821 The Greeks fight a war of independence against the Turks. The war will last until 1829.

1822 E. T. A. Hofmann dies.

1823 The American president Monroe issues the "Monroe Doctrine"

1824 Ludwig van Beethoven writes his 9th Symphony (There must be Beethoven!)

1825 Conrad Ferdindand Meyer is born.

1826 F. Hebel dies. J. v. Eichendorf, Aus dem Leben eines Taugenichts.

1827 Heinrich Heine, Book of Songs. In America Davy Crockett becomes a member of Congress. Ludwig van Beethoven dies.

1828 Death of Franz Schubert.

1829 The Encyclopedia Americana appears in its first edition.

1830 The first railroad line goes into operation between Liverpool and Manchester.

1832 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe dies. Goethe's Faust II is published after his death. Robert Schumann writes Carnival. The political party, the Democratic Party, is founded in the United States.

1833 The German Customs Union is established through the efforts of Friedrich List.

1835 The first German railroad line is built between Nürnberg and Fürth. Georg Büchner, Danton's Death.

1841 J. Gotthelf, Uli the Servant. Charles Sealsfield, Cabin Book.

1842 Death of Clemens Brentano. Annette von Droste-Hülshof writes The Jew's Beech tree. Jeremias Gotthelf writes The Black Spider

1843 Death of Friedrich Hölderlin.

1844 There is a revolt among the weavers in Silesia. Friedrich Nietzsche is born. The Y.M.C.A. is founded in England.

1845 In America Texas becomes a state.

1846 The Smithsonian Institution is founded in Washington, D.C.

1847 The American Medical Association is founded.

The House in Trier where Karl Marx was born. Today it is the Marx Museum.

1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels write The Communist Manifesto. There are numerous revolutions in Europe. A German Parliament meets in the Church of St. Paul in Frankfurt. Annette von Droste-Hülshof dies. Gold is discovered in California at Sutter's mill.